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Meknes: An Overview of Morocco's Historic City

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Meknes City Morocco

Meknes, one of Morocco's historic capitals, is steeped in rich cultural heritage and significance. Nestled in the country's northern region on the Saïs Plateau, this remarkable city is located approximately 140 kilometers east of Rabat, making it a crucial part of the Fes-Meknes region. As per the 2014 census, Meknes boasts a population of around 517,000 residents and covers an area of 1,786 square kilometers. Its strategic location, positioned between the Rif Mountains to the north and the Middle Atlas Mountains to the south, has historically made it a vital transit point and settlement area.

 The Founding of Meknes

Meknes is among Morocco's oldest cities, believed to have been founded by the Amazigh Meknes (Imknasn) tribe. This tribe is considered connected to the Mcnites, which are mentioned in classical Greek and Latin texts and settled around Volubilis and the Middle Atlas region. Although some claim that the city's origins date back to the 4th century BCE, historians like Al-Zayani propose that it was established before the advent of Islam, albeit without precise chronological records. Recognized in various historical accounts, Meknes became a prominent city by the 9th century CE, when Prince Ahmed Ben Idriss II made it a base.

Meknes gained prominence during the Almoravid period when it established new neighborhoods, including the Almoravid Kasbah “Takarart,” along with the construction of significant structures like the Mosque of the Carpenters. The Almohads expanded the city, enhancing the Great Mosque and developing advanced water systems to support baths, mosques, and fountains. During the Marinid dynasty, Meknes flourished as a key administrative center, particularly under Sultan Moulay Ismail (1672-1727 CE), earning the title of "Ismaili Capital." Meknes was recognized for its historical importance as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1996.

 The Architectural Marvels of Meknes

The city is renowned for its stunning architectural achievements, particularly those created during Sultan Moulay Ismail's reign. These are said to surpass the accomplishments of other Islamic rulers. The impressive scale and quality of structures within Meknes continue to captivate visitors and foreign dignitaries alike.

 The Etymology of Meknes

The origin of the name "Meknes" has sparked debate among historians. The city is sometimes called Meknasa, possibly derived from the Amazigh term for "warrior," linking it to the Zenata tribe Meknasa or Imknasn. Historical references suggest that the area was initially known as Meknasa Al-Zaytun (Meknes of the Olives), which evolved into "Tawra." Initially characterized by scattered forts, the region witnessed a significant urban nucleus forming during the reign of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin (1063 CE), a short distance from Tawra.

 Demographics and Population

As of 2014, Meknes had a population of 517,376, rising to 653,544 when including surrounding urban areas. Approximately 24.2% of the population is under 14 years old, while 11% are over 60. The literacy rate is 19.9%, and 10.8% of residents have attained higher education. Moroccan Arabic is the primary language spoken, with 13.6% of the population communicating in Amazigh languages (Tashlhit, Tamazight, and Tarifit).

 Famous Landmarks

Meknes has many historical sites, including the iconic Bab Mansour gate, famous for its intricate mosaics, the Royal Palace, the Mausoleum of Moulay Ismail, and the Berrima Mosque. The city’s rich history is evident in its walls, towers, and monuments, all serving as enduring symbols of its past.

Climate

Meknes enjoys a moderate climate, with warm summers and cooler winters. Set against the backdrop of the nearby mountains, such as Ifrane—which is often dubbed the "Switzerland of Africa"—the region features ski centers on Mount Michlifen (2000 meters) and Hebri (1600 meters). Its fertile agricultural land and historical trade routes have made Meknes a significant settlement since ancient times.

 Historical Development

Meknes underwent substantial growth throughout the Almoravid period, establishing new neighborhoods and fortifications. The Almohads expanded the city’s infrastructure and water supply, while the Marinids contributed to the educational and religious development of the area. The zenith of Meknes occurred during the Alaouite era under Sultan Moulay Ismail, where the city was enveloped by extensive walls stretching around 40 kilometers and adorned with various historic gates and towers.

Economic Landscape

Meknes is in a fertile agricultural region, the Saïs Plain, which heavily influences its economy. The city is primarily driven by agriculture, food processing, and traditional crafts. However, Meknes grapples with significant socio-economic challenges, including a high unemployment rate of 18.8% (as of 2017), particularly in rural areas. Additionally, the active population rate stood at 47.1% in 2014, with a notably lower participation rate among women (25.2%).

 Key Areas of Interest

  1. Sidi Bouzkri: The city’s industrial zone is vital for economic activities.
  2. Wadi Gold: An old district, formerly known as "Keshla," inhabited by retired military families.
  3. Hammaria: A modern commercial district showcasing buildings from the French colonial period, complete with administrative and cultural landmarks.
  4. Old Medina and Market: The city’s original area, enriched by the Almoravid, Almohad, and Marinid influences.
  5.  Jardin Boukhari: Gardens established by Moulay Ismail, offering public recreational facilities.

 Conclusion

Meknes epitomizes Morocco’s rich historical and cultural narrative, with its impressive monuments, diverse architecture, and significant past marking it as a vital destination for those seeking to understand the kingdom’s legacy. The city’s transformation from ancient roots through various dynastic eras reflects its enduring importance as a cultural and economic center in Moroccan history. With its unique charm and historical depth, Meknes invites visitors to explore its storied streets and experience its vibrant heritage.

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