Morocco’s Argan Oil

 Discovering Meknes: A Historical Jewel of Morocco

Meknes, one of Morocco's historical capitals, is a city rich in heritage and cultural significance. Located in the northern part of Morocco on the Saïs Plateau, about 140 kilometers east of the capital, Rabat, Meknes stands as a pivotal city in the Fes-Meknes region. According to the 2014 census, Meknes has a population of approximately 517,000 inhabitants and spans an area of 1,786 square kilometers. It is strategically positioned between the Rif Mountains to the north and the Middle Atlas Mountains to the south. Meknes is divided into two provinces: Meknes and the Ismailia Province, which together encompass 21 municipalities, including 15 rural ones. Its location at the crossroads of major roads and railways linking Rabat, Kenitra, and Oujda, as well as Tangier and Marrakech, has historically made it a significant transit and settlement area.

 The Founding of Meknes

Meknes is considered one of Morocco's oldest cities, established by the Amazigh Meknas (Imknasn) tribe. This tribe is believed to be connected to the Mcnites mentioned in Greek and Latin texts, who settled in the region of Volubilis and the Middle Atlas. While some sources date the city's founding back to the 4th century BCE, others, like the historian Al-Zayani, suggest it was established before Islam but lack precise chronological details. Al-Sakass, in his work, classifies Meknes as an ancient city founded by the Berbers before the Romans. Similarly, Ibn Zidan notes that Meknas was planned by the Berbers before Roman times. Later sources indicate that Meknes began to emerge as a prominent city around the 9th century CE when it became a base under Prince Ahmed Ben Idriss II, following a division made by Prince Muhammad Ben Idriss II on the advice of his grandmother, Kanzah.

Despite its ancient origins, Meknes only rose to prominence during the Almoravid period, when the city flourished with new neighborhoods, such as the Almoravid Kasbah "Takarart," and the construction of significant structures like the Mosque of the Carpenters. The Almohads later expanded the city, enhancing the Great Mosque during the reign of Muhammad al-Nasir (1199-1213 CE) and introducing advanced water systems from the "Takam" spring for baths, mosques, and fountains. The Marinids also contributed to the city's development, constructing mosques, schools, and religious institutions, making Meknes a key administrative center during the reign of Sultan Moulay Ismail (1672-1727 CE). This period marked Meknes as the "Ismaili Capital," a title reflecting its status during the Alaouite dynasty. As of 1996, Meknes is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

 The Significance of Meknes

According to the author of "Al-Bustan," the architectural achievements of Sultan Moulay Ismail in Meknes surpassed those of other Islamic rulers, with structures enduring through time without succumbing to natural forces. The grandeur of these constructions impressed foreign envoys, who marveled at the scale and quality of the buildings.

The Naming of Meknes

The origin of Meknes' name has been debated among historians. The city is sometimes referred to as Meknasa, a name potentially derived from the Amazigh term for "warrior," connected to the Berber Zenata tribe Meknasa or Imknasn. This theory is supported by the presence of other locations in the Maghreb with similar names, such as Taza. Another historical reference points to the settlement's original name as Meknasa Al-Zaytun (Meknes of the Olives) and later "Tawra," as noted by historian Boucheta Bouaissria. Initially, the region consisted of scattered forts and kasbahs until a significant urban nucleus emerged during the reign of Yusuf Ibn Tashfin (1063 CE), a few kilometers south of Tawra.

The Population of Meknes

As of 2014, Meknes' population was 517,376, with a total of 653,544 when including the surrounding urban areas. About 24.2% of the population is under 14 years old, and 11% are over 60 years old. The literacy rate stands at 19.9%, with 10.8% of the population having higher education. The primary language spoken is Moroccan Arabic (99.6%), with 13.6% of residents also speaking Amazigh languages (Tashlhit, Tamazight, and Tarifit) alongside Arabic.

Notable Landmarks

Meknes is renowned for its remarkable historical sites, including the massive Bab Mansour gate, famous for its mosaics, and the Royal Palace with its ancient walls, the Mausoleum of Moulay Ismail, and the Berrima Mosque. The city’s rich history is reflected in its walls, towers, and historical monuments, which remain enduring symbols of its past. The city, known for its Islamic and Arab heritage, is a living museum that tells the story of its historical grandeur.

Climate

Meknes experiences a moderate climate with mild summers and cooler winters. It is located near mountainous areas, such as Ifrane, often called the "Switzerland of Africa" due to its alpine-like scenery and beautiful villas. The region also features skiing centers on Mount Michlifen (2000 meters) and Hebri (1600 meters), alongside traditional craftsmanship in Azrou and Khénifra. The city's fertile agricultural land and historical trade routes have made it a significant settlement since ancient times, especially during the medieval period when it gained prominence.

 Historical Development

Under the Almoravids, Meknes saw significant growth, including the establishment of neighborhoods like the Almoravid Kasbah "Takarart," the construction of the Mosque of the Carpenters, and the fortification of the city. During the Almohad period, the city saw further urban development, including the expansion of the Great Mosque and advanced water supply systems. The Marinids contributed to the city's development with schools, mosques, and religious institutions, while the Alaouite era, particularly under Sultan Moulay Ismail, marked Meknes' zenith as an imperial capital. The city was surrounded by walls stretching 40 kilometers, with various historical gates and towers.

Economic Aspects

Meknes, located in the Saïs plain—a fertile agricultural area—relies heavily on agriculture, food processing, and traditional crafts. Despite its economic potential, the city faces significant social and economic challenges, including high unemployment rates (18.8% in 2017) and underutilization of its tourism and economic opportunities. The active population rate was 47.1% in 2014, with a lower participation rate among women (25.2%). The unemployment rate was notably high in rural areas (17.1%).

 Important Areas

Sidi Bouzkri:

 Home to the city's industrial zone, a key economic area.

Wadi Gold:

 An old district in Meknes, previously known as the "Keshla," houses retired military families.

Hammaria:

 A modern commercial district with buildings from the French colonial period, including various administrative and cultural landmarks.

Old Medina and Market:

The city's original area was developed by the Almoravids and later expanded by the Almohads and Marinids.

Jardin Boukhari :

Gardens created by Moulay Ismail, still open to the public, featuring various recreational facilities.

Conclusion

Meknes stands as a testament to Morocco’s rich history and cultural heritage. Its historical monuments, diverse architecture, and significant past make it a key destination for understanding the country’s legacy. The city’s evolution from ancient times through various dynastic periods reflects its enduring importance in Moroccan history and its continued relevance as a cultural and economic center.