Discovering Fes City: A Historical Jewel of Morocco
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Fes or Fez is a captivating city in Morocco, renowned for its rich history and cultural heritage. As one of the most ancient and influential cities in the Arab-Islamic world, Fez offers a unique glimpse into Morocco's past and present. Founded in 789 AD by Idris II, Fez has played a central role in the history and development of the region, evolving into a vibrant and dynamic metropolis that continues to thrive.
A Glimpse into Fez’s Historical Roots
Fez’s origins date back to the late 8th century when Idris II, the founder of the Idrisid dynasty, established the city. It quickly became the capital of the Idrisid state, a significant political and cultural center in North Africa. Over the centuries, Fez has grown from a small settlement into one of Morocco’s most important cities. It has remained influential in various fields, including economics, science, and culture, marking it as a beacon of development and prosperity.
Fez is particularly renowned for being the largest car-free urban area in the world. This unique characteristic adds to its charm, preserving the city's historical ambiance and promoting a more sustainable urban environment.
The Geographical Setting of Fes
Fez is situated in the northeastern part of Morocco, nestled in a fertile valley surrounded by hills. These hills are adorned with lush forests of cedar and oak trees, creating a picturesque and serene landscape. The city's geographical location offers a strategic advantage, lying between 28° and 36° north latitude and 12° and 11° west longitude. The area spans approximately 5,400 square kilometers.
The fertile valley, known for its agricultural productivity, includes the Saïs Plain, which is dotted with numerous springs. This natural setting has historically supported Fez’s agricultural and economic development, contributing to its growth and sustainability.
Population Growth and Urban Expansion
Fez has experienced significant population growth since its establishment. In 1920, the city’s population was around 81,172. By 2004, it had surged to nearly one million residents, reflecting an annual growth rate of about 3%. This growth is attributed to Fez’s role as a major hub for people from surrounding regions seeking better opportunities.
Between 1975 and 1982, Fez welcomed approximately 55,988 migrants, averaging about 7,998 per year. The city’s economic, cultural, and industrial vitality attracted these newcomers, contributing to its development in trade, services, and administration. By 2018, the population had reached approximately 964,891, with many working in construction, services, trade, industry, and public administration.
Fez’s Distinctive Districts
Fez is divided into three main districts, each with its own unique characteristics:
1. The Medina (Old Fez): This is the oldest part of the city, located east of the Fez River. The Medina is home to about 4,000 residents and is known for its narrow, winding streets, ancient buildings, and bustling squares. It reflects the historical essence of Fez, with its traditional architecture and vibrant marketplaces.
2.Fez el-Bali (Fez the Ancient): Situated west of the Fez River, Fez el-Bali is characterized by its hilly terrain and fortified walls. The area is divided into 12 quarters, each managed by a local leader. It is densely populated, with around 80,000 residents. Fez el-Bali is known for its historical significance, with numerous traditional buildings and narrow alleys that tell the story of the city’s past.
3. Fez el-Jdid (New Fez): Located on the plain beside the Fez River, Fez el-Jdid is relatively isolated and protected by a double wall. This district includes three neighborhoods and houses approximately 8,000 people. It is known for its distinct layout and the significant historical development that took place during the 13th century.
The Rich History of Fez
Fez’s history is marked by significant events and transformations. The city was founded in the 2nd century Hijri (8th century AD) by Idris ibn Abdullah, initially situated on the right bank of the Fez River. It became a refuge for those fleeing conflicts, including Arab families from Kairouan and Andalusian settlers.
As the city grew, it attracted a diverse population, including a large Jewish community in the Mellah quarter. Twenty years after Idris’s death, his successor Idris II established a second city on the opposite bank of the river. The two cities were eventually unified during the Almoravid period, creating a larger, more cohesive urban center.
Under Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Fez flourished as a major military and cultural center. In 1276, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansour established the new Fez area, complete with neighborhoods, palaces, and gardens. By 1649, Fez had become the center of the Alaouite state in Morocco. The city fell under French colonial rule in 1912 but regained its independence in 1956. However, it was eventually surpassed by Rabat as Morocco’s capital.
Exploring Fez’s Notable Landmarks
Fez is home to several notable landmarks that showcase its historical and cultural heritage:
Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque: Founded in 860 AD by Fatima al-Fihri, this mosque is one of Fez’s most significant landmarks. It serves as a central religious and cultural hub in the Qarawiyyin quarter.
Mosque of the Andalusians: Built in 859 AD, this mosque is renowned for its stunning architectural design, featuring large, intricately decorated doors and a beautifully carved wooden ceiling.
School of the Coppersmiths: Established in the 18th century, this is one of Fez’s oldest educational institutions. Its simple yet elegant architecture attracts many visitors.
Palace of Batha: This historic palace now functions as a museum, displaying traditional Fez art, including copperware, rugs, embroidery, and jewelry.
Al-Qarawiyyin Library: Founded in the 17th century, this library houses about 32,000 ancient manuscripts, including rare documents by renowned scholars like Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Rushd.
Spice Market (Souk el Attarine): Once focused on traditional medicine, this bustling market is now home to various shops. It is distinguished by its two large doors that close at night.
Royal Palace: Constructed in the 18th century, this grand palace features a large courtyard with impressive wooden doors adorned with intricate carvings.
Palace of the Klaoui: One of the most beautiful historical palaces in Fez, it was once the residence of the Pasha of Marrakech. The palace includes around 1,000 rooms, 30 fountains, two gardens, a Quranic school, Moroccan baths, and mills for producing oil and flour.
Conclusion
Fez is a city that beautifully blends its ancient past with its vibrant present. Its rich history, stunning architecture, and cultural significance make it a must-visit destination in Morocco. Whether you’re exploring its historic districts, admiring its architectural wonders, or experiencing its lively markets, Fez offers a unique and unforgettable journey through one of Morocco’s most cherished cities.